White capping Archives - Once-Removed Genealogy Services https://once-removed.com/category/white-capping/ Genealogy Services Mon, 21 Oct 2024 20:28:00 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.8.3 https://once-removed.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/cropped-ejean_avatar-32x32.jpg White capping Archives - Once-Removed Genealogy Services https://once-removed.com/category/white-capping/ 32 32 Julia Beam Part IV; Mr. and Mrs. Walters, A Brief Marriage https://once-removed.com/2018/10/16/mr-and-mrs-walters-a-brief-marriage/ https://once-removed.com/2018/10/16/mr-and-mrs-walters-a-brief-marriage/#respond Tue, 16 Oct 2018 01:50:32 +0000 http://ejpells.wpengine.com/?p=2055 Melvin and Julia married on 20 December 1890[i] and quickly annoyed their neighbors.  April of 1891 the young couple found themselves in hot water with some of the town residents.  Austin Lisk and Glen G. Woodruff were the main complainants that the Walters were conducting themselves in a disorderly manner.   The couple pled “not guilty.”  The […]

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]]> Melvin and Julia married on 20 December 1890[i] and quickly annoyed their neighbors.  April of 1891 the young couple found themselves in hot water with some of the town residents.  Austin Lisk and Glen G. Woodruff were the main complainants that the Walters were conducting themselves in a disorderly manner.   The couple pled “not guilty.”  The subpoenaed witnesses were Glen G Woodruff, Clark Sist, Joseph Hockenbury, Mrs. Thomas Hickey, and John Hickey.  The main witness, Glen G. Woodruff, had left the community and did not appear in court, so the charges were dismissed. [ii] , [iii]

The State vs. Malichia Walters and Julia Walters

The trial would begin an acrimonious relationship with the Lisk Family.

A Disorderly Home
Shortly after the case against the Walters was dismissed, their home played a central part in another incident involving a familiar surname. The “Lisk boys,” Edward and Clark, were charged with assault against Gillard W. Cregar.  They visited Walter’s residence near the “stone-cracker,” on Sunday, July 5th, 1891.  Mr. Walter’s sister asked Cregar to come to the house, where Edward and Clark Lisk attacked him.  It seems there was an altercation the day before, and this was retribution for a blackened eye.  Justice of the Peace Eyears wrote a recap (his opinion of events) addressed to Justice Chamberlain. The document describes the Walters house as “hard.” He stated that the Lisks hung around Walter’s residence quite a bit of the time.[iv]  It should be noted that Edward and Clark were the sons of Austin Lisk, who had unsuccessfully attempted to bring charges against Melvin and Julia a few months prior.  He would also play a central part in the attack on Julia Beam Walters.

The State vs. Edward Lisk
This event appeared to be the beginning of the couple’s end. Shortly afterward, the pair was evicted. The Walters had secured another place to rent, only to find out that the landlord had changed his mind. They were homeless, with their belongings dumped by the side of the road.

According to the article “Regulators at Glen Gardner,” the couple lived in an apartment owned by Mr. Hickey near the railroad tool house.  The boys’ parents, who Mrs. Walters allegedly corrupted, prevailed on Mr. Hickey to force them to leave the residence.  The Walters had secured another residence, but the new landlord, Mr. Edmonds, was served a petition by leading citizens to prevent the move.  The couple was forced to live in the woods during the summer months.  Melvin Walters deserted his wife and moved back into his parents’ home at some point before 17 October 1891. The article noted that Julia decided to “rough it alone.” [v]

The news articles vary about the character of Julia Beam. However, they all seem to agree that the Walter house was where young men wasted their time.  This article was published after the trial and summarized the events.  It was a bit sympathetic to Julia but painted a picture of a person who couldn’t resist temptation.  It was also one of the few articles that had her marriage age correct. Walters was in trouble well before he wed Julia. He was found guilty of vice and Immorality in 1887, but Julia didn’t have any record until her marriage. He had been married previously and had represented himself as divorced.  Melvin Walters would find himself in trouble later on as well. The couple may have owned the “party house,” but it was not Julia’s work alone. This article also wondered why the indignant parents didn’t punish their sons rather than Julia.[vi]

The Trial

Sources
Cover picture source
“Tarred and Feathered because she was Bad; Glen Gardner’s Young Men were being Corrupted,” New York Herald, page 18, column 3, digital image; Genealogybank (http://ww.genealogybank.com : accessed 7 October 2016).

[i] New Jersey, Department of Health Bureau of Vital Statistics, Marriage Certificate, W-39, (1890), Melvin N Walters and Julia Beam, SHEVS003 reel no. 77, New Jersey State Archives, Trenton.

[ii] Hunterdon County, New Jersey, RG 293 Miscellaneous Records; Court for the Trial for Small Cases File 19598, The State vs. Melvin Walters, Keeping a house of ill fame and Disorderly, 15 May 1891; Office of Record Management Services, Raritan Township.

[iii] Hunterdon County, New Jersey, RG 293 Miscellaneous Records; Court for the Trial for Small Cases File 19591, The State vs. Julia Walters, Keeping a house of ill fame and Disorderly, 15 May 1891; Office of Record Management Services, Raritan Township.

[iv] Hunterdon County, New Jersey, RG 293 Miscellaneous Records; Court for the Trial for Small Cases File 19166, The State vs. Edward Lisk, Assault of Gillard W. Cregar, 5 July 1891; Office of Record Management Services, Raritan Township.

[v] “Regulators at Glen Gardner,” Hunterdon Republican, 18 November 1891, page 3, column 3; microfilm 9, Hunterdon County Library, Raritan Township, New Jersey.

[vi] “Julia Beam’s Persecuters [Persecutors],” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 8 January 1892, page 6, column 4; Newspapers.com (https://www.newspapers.com : accessed 12 October 2018).

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]]> https://once-removed.com/2018/10/16/mr-and-mrs-walters-a-brief-marriage/feed/ 0 My Ladies – Julia Beam Part III – The Groom https://once-removed.com/2018/10/14/my-ladies-julia-beam-part-3-the-groom/ https://once-removed.com/2018/10/14/my-ladies-julia-beam-part-3-the-groom/#respond Sun, 14 Oct 2018 03:29:59 +0000 http://ejpells.wpengine.com/?p=2046 My Ladies – Julia Beam Part 1  Introduced Julia Beam who was tarred and feathered on 17 October 1891 by a group of men in Glen Gardner, Hunterdon County. Newspapers throughout the country followed the trials with great interest. My Ladies Julia Beam Part 2 The early life of Julia Beam is examined The Groom, Malachi […]

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]]> My Ladies – Julia Beam Part 1  Introduced Julia Beam who was tarred and feathered on 17 October 1891 by a group of men in Glen Gardner, Hunterdon County. Newspapers throughout the country followed the trials with great interest.

My Ladies Julia Beam Part 2 The early life of Julia Beam is examined

The Groom, Malachi or Melvin Walters of Glen Gardner
The first husband of Julia Beam was a man with the surname Walters.  His legal name appears to be Malachi Walters, but he frequently used the name Melvin.  He was the son of David Walters and Henrietta Space.  Following this series, I will post the analysis used to determine that Malachi, Melvin, and various names were one person.  For this post, I will use the name Melvin unless referencing a document with a specific given name, as it seems that Melvin was used when he married Julia.

David and Henrietta Walters were married  24 August 1865, at the North Branch Reformed Church in Somerset County, New Jersey. (1)   The family appeared in the 1870 census in Tewksbury, Hunterdon County [Germantown], not far from the location where Melvin’s marriage to Julia occurred:

1870 Federal census

Although family relationships were not noted on the 1870 census, Malachi appeared to be the eldest of two children listed, putting his birth year at about 1866. (2)  On the 1880 census, David Walters lived in High Bridge. The family still had two children listed, and the relationships were defined. (3) By 1885, the family had moved to Lebanon Township, which at the time encompassed the modern-day Glen Gardner.  Melachi N. [Melvin] was still living at home with his parents. (4)

1880 Federal  census

1885 State census

Early Mischief
In Glen Gardner, Melvin Walters started getting into trouble with neighbors and the law.  He was about twenty when he made his first recorded court appearance. David Crampton raised a complaint of vice and immorality against Mell [Melvin] Walters, heard by Esquire Eyears at Humphrey’s Hotel on 27 August 1887. (5) He was fined for his transgressions, and the funds would be removed from his next paycheck. In September 1887, it was noted that Melvin Walters had not paid his fine; he had drawn his entire paycheck before the payment was collected from his employers.  He was bragging that he had outsmarted the courts.  The Law did catch up with him, and it was reported that he was threatened with time in jail. He paid what was due. (6)

Mrs. Almira Harrison Walters
Melvin Walters took a wife in January 1888, a few months after this initial court case.  Almira Harrison and Melvin Walters were married in High Bridge, Hunterdon County, New Jersey. (7)

The relationship was short-lived; on 4 June 1890, it was announced in the Hunterdon Republican that Melvin Walters had initiated divorce proceedings against his wife.  It should be noted that this was in the “Glen Gardner” section of the paper and not a court reporter.  A divorce record could not be found in the New Jersey State Archives. Couples split and remarried without following through with an official divorce; this is pretty typical for this period.   Though it is possible that he went out of state for a divorce, it is unlikely. (8)

A Second Walk Down the Aisle
A few months after announcing his divorce, Melvin took a second wife, Julia Beam.  Julia was seventeen, and Melvin was about twenty-five at the time.  They were married at Lower Valley Presbyterian Church in Califon; it was noted on the marriage return that this was the groom’s second marriage.  After the attack on Julia, it was reported in some newspapers that Walters never divorced his first wife, thus claiming that he and Julia could not have been married. A ceremony was performed and registered by the church Pastor. The marriage may not have been valid, but it is likely the only person who knew that at the time was Melvin Walters.  It is doubtful that the Reverend would perform the marriage if he believed Melvin was not free to wed.  The record even indicated that this was Walter’s second marriage. (9)
Whether legally valid or not, Julia Beam and Melvin Walters “married” on 20 December 1890, and they set up their home in Glen Gardner, New Jersey.  Interestingly, he and the town would feel that it was okay to be a bigamist and discard the young woman, and yet she was viewed as the villain

Part IV, The Marriage

Sources:
1. New Jersey, County Marriages, 1682-1956,” database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org: 29 September 2018), 004541239  > image 275 of 356 p.253; New Jersey State Archives, Trenton.

2. 1870 U.S. census, Hunterdon County, New Jersey, population schedule, Tewksbury, sheet 396 (stamped), dwelling 442, family 460, David Walters; digital image, Ancestry.com, (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 29 September 2019), citing National Archives microfilm publication M593.

3. 1880 U.S. census, Hunterdon County, New Jersey, population schedule, High Bridge, Enumeration District (ED) 84, sheet 32 (written), house number 286, family 345, David Walters; digital image, Ancestry.com, (https://www.ancestry.com/: accessed 8 April 2018), citing National Archives microfilm publication T9.

4. 1885 New Jersey census, Hunterdon County, New Jersey, Lebanon Township, page 11, dwelling 70, house 71, David Walters; digital image, Ancestry.com, (https://www.ancestry.com/: accessed 29 September 2019), citing State Census of New Jersey, 1885, New Jersey State Archives, microfilm 26.

5. “Glen Gardner,” Hunterdon Republican, 31 August 1887, page 3 column 4; microfilm 7, Hunterdon County Library, Raritan Township, New Jersey.

6. “Glen Gardner,” Hunterdon Republican, 28 September 1887, page 3 column 4; microfilm 7, Hunterdon County Library, Raritan Township, New Jersey.

7. “Married,” Hunterdon Republican, 18 January 1888, page 3, column 4; microfilm 7, Hunterdon County Library, Raritan Township, New Jersey.

8. “Glen Gardner,” Hunterdon Republican, 4 June 1890, page 3, column 3; microfilm 8, Hunterdon County Library, Raritan Township, New Jersey.

9. New Jersey, Department of Health Bureau of Vital Statistics, Marriage Certificate, W-39, (1890), Melvin N Walters and Julia Beam, SHEVS003 reel no. 77, New Jersey State Archives, Trenton.

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]]> https://once-removed.com/2018/10/14/my-ladies-julia-beam-part-3-the-groom/feed/ 0 My Ladies – Julia Beam Part 2 https://once-removed.com/2018/04/10/my-ladies-julia-beam-part-2/ https://once-removed.com/2018/04/10/my-ladies-julia-beam-part-2/#respond Tue, 10 Apr 2018 04:08:28 +0000 http://ejpells.wpengine.com/?p=2015 The Early Life of Julia Beam Part 1 introduced Julia Beam who was tarred and feathered on 17 October 1891 by a group of men in Glen Gardner, Hunterdon County. Newspapers throughout the country followed the trials with great interest. My Ladies – Julia Beam Part 1 The Beam Family Julia Beam was likely born […]

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The Early Life of Julia Beam

Part 1 introduced Julia Beam who was tarred and feathered on 17 October 1891 by a group of men in Glen Gardner, Hunterdon County. Newspapers throughout the country followed the trials with great interest.

My Ladies – Julia Beam Part 1

The Beam Family
Julia Beam was likely born in August 1873 in Lebanon Township, New Jersey, in an area called Germantown in Tewksbury, Hunterdon County.  She was the oldest surviving child of Theodore Beam and his first wife, Ann Elizabeth Call. Typical of the time frame, the births of most of the children were not formally registered. Ann Elizabeth Beam would have twelve children in total, at the birth of her last child a boy; nine were still living. Julia’s mother died on 16 January 1894, five days after giving birth. The cause of death was puerperal peritonitis complicated by La Grippe, “childbed fever,” and the flu. Like many of her peers, Julia’s mom had children regularly until she passed away.

Theodore Beam would take a second wife, Catherine Frank [Franks]. The couple married in 1897, and the union would produce two sons before Theodore passed away in 1898. Catherine was still very young and went on to marry Joseph Apgar in 1899. The two youngest Beam sons, George and Alfred, possibly assumed the surname of their Stepfather, Joseph Apgar. The children of Theodore’s first marriage appeared to scatter or have passed after the death of their father.

The family was nothing out of the ordinary. Theodore was a laborer, owned no property, and kept out of the court records for the most part. One news article indicated that Julia was mistreated as a child. She was sent to work at age eleven,  had little education, and had not attended church. Another reporter suggested that she was lying about being married; Marvin Walters already had a wife, and it would have been impossible to wed. There is no way to know how Julia was raised or if she knew her husband was a bigamist. She was seventeen or eighteen when she married and likely more of a sympathetic figure than the horrible influence the people of Glen Gardner deemed her.

In the 1880 census, Theodore’s family and his younger brother’s family shared the same residence. Both men were laborers, and neither could read or write. Julia’s mother Elizabeth [Ann Elizabeth] was able to read. Julia was attending school at age seven. In the 1900 census, Julia and her younger sister, Sarah, both grown, indicated they could read and write. After the death of her parents, Julia was caring for her younger brother, William, and he was attending school. The Beam children weren’t entirely uneducated, as suggested. Though several news articles described Julia as simple or childlike, it was more likely a reflection of her youth and being placed in a difficult situation.

The Beam family was large, and Julia was the eldest surviving daughter. Her family likely expected her to marry and not be a burden. It doesn’t appear that her parents were willing or able to support her when she was alone.

The Marriage
Julia Beam and Melvin [Malachi] N. Walters were married in the Lower Valley Presbyterian Church 29 December 1890 by the Pastor. On the marriage return, it was indicated that it was Walter’s second marriage. The church was near Julia’s home; it seems unlikely the Pastor would marry the couple if he believed Melvin was still legally married. It was not as if the couple wed away from the area or were trying to hide the fact that the groom was married previously. Months before their union, the local newspaper stated that Walters was initiating divorce proceedings against his first wife. His first marriage seems to have been 1888 to a woman named Almira Harrison. A search of the state archives did not turn up a divorce record; his newspaper announcement may have misled different parties to believe that he could legally re-marry.

The time between when Julia was wed and deserted by her husband was not very long. In about ten months, she went from being a newlywed to homeless and victim of vigilantes. The headlines focused on her actions, but minimal mention was made of her husband or the events that led up to the attack.

Marriage Document of Julia Beam and Melvin Walters

Part 3 – The Groom

Sources
New Jersey, Department of Health Bureau of Vital Statistics, Death Certificate, no number, (1931), Julia Frank [Beam], SHEVS004 reel no. 708, New Jersey State Archives, Trenton.

New Jersey, Department of Health Bureau of Vital Statistics, Marriage Certificate, W-39, (1890), Melvin N Walters and Julia Beam, SHEVS003 reel no. 77, New Jersey State Archives, Trenton.

1880 U.S. census, Hunterdon County, New Jersey, population schedule, East Lebanon, Enumeration District (ED) 86, sheet 352 a (stamped), house number 125, family 2, Theodore Beam; digital image, Ancestry.com, (https://www.ancestry.com/: accessed 8 April 2018), citing National Archives microfilm publication T9. [Julia A. Beam aged 7 eldest child enumerated, birth year about 1873].

New Jersey, Department of Health Bureau of Vital Statistics, Death Certificate, no. B75, (1894), Elizabeth Beam [Call], SHEVS004 reel no. 141, New Jersey State Archives, Trenton.

New Jersey, Department of Health Bureau of Vital Statistics, Birth Certificate, number, (1897), George Beam, SHEVS002 reel no. 153, New Jersey State Archives, Trenton.

Find A Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 08 April 2018), memorial page for Theodore Beam (1846–1898), Find A Grave Memorial no. 71533016, citing Middle Valley Cemetery, Washington Valley, Morris County, New Jersey, USA ; Maintained by Donna (contributor 46910450).

New Jersey, Department of Health Bureau of Vital Statistics, Marriage Certificate, A-2, (1899), Joseph Charles Apgar and Catherine Frank [Beam], SHEVS003 reel no. 147, New Jersey State Archives, Trenton.

1900 U.S. census, Hunterdon County, New Jersey, population schedule, Clinton Township, Enumeration District (ED) 3, sheet 57b (stamped), house number 51, dwelling 167, family 174, Joseph C. Apgar; digital image, Ancestry.com, (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 8 January 2018), citing National Archives microfilm publication T623. [Joseph Apgar is the head of the household, two Step-Sons George Beam (3), and Albert (1), but 10 years later on the 1910 census they are listed as sons with the last name Apgar].

1910 U.S. census, Hunterdon County, New Jersey, population schedule, East District Lebanon Township, Enumeration District (ED) 8, sheet 230b (stamped), dwelling 99, family 104, Joseph C. Apgar; digital image, Ancestry.com, (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 8 January 2018), citing National Archives microfilm publication T623.

“For Tarring a Woman,” The Sun [New York], 20 November 1891, page 1, column 1, digital image; Newspapers.com, (http:www.newspapers.com : accessed 21 October 2017).

“Tarred and Feathered because she was Bad; Glen Gardner’s Young Men were being Corrupted,” New York Herald, page 18, column 3, digital image; Genealogybank (http://ww.genealogybank.com : accessed 7 October 2016).

1880 U.S. census, Hunterdon Co., N. J., pop. Sch., E. Lebanon, ED 86, sheet 352 a, house no. 125, family 2, Theodore Beam; digital image, Ancestry.com.
1900 U.S. census, Hunterdon County, New Jersey, population schedule, West Lebanon, Enumeration District (ED) 18, sheet 248A (stamped), house number NA, dwelling 257, family 260, Edward Lisk; digital image, Ancestry.com, (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 8 January 2018), citing National Archives microfilm publication T623.

1900 U.S. census, Hunterdon County, New Jersey, population schedule, East Lebanon, Enumeration District (ED) 17, sheet 229A (stamped), house number NA, dwelling 80, family 85, Luther Frank; digital image, Ancestry.com, (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 8 January 2018), citing National Archives microfilm publication T623.

New Jersey, Department of Health Bureau of Vital Statistics, Marriage Certificate, W-39, (1890), Melvin N Walters and Julia Beam, SHEVS003 reel no. 77, New Jersey State Archives, Trenton.

Brief News Items from Glen Gardner,” transcript by Bill Hartman, Rootsweb (”http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~njhrna/ : accessed 4 November 2016); citing original publication in the Hunterdon County Republican, 4 June 1890.[Note: Rootsweb is currently experiencing hosting issues, but I have Mr. Hartman’s pdf].

“Married,” transcript by Bill Hartman, Rootsweb (”http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~njhrna/ : accessed 4 November 2016):citing original publication in the Hunterdon County Republican, 7 January 1888.[Note: Rootsweb is currently experiencing hosting issues, but I have Mr. Hartman’s pdf].

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]]> https://once-removed.com/2018/04/10/my-ladies-julia-beam-part-2/feed/ 0 My Ladies – Julia Beam Part 1 https://once-removed.com/2018/01/22/my-ladies-julia-beam-part-1/ https://once-removed.com/2018/01/22/my-ladies-julia-beam-part-1/#respond Mon, 22 Jan 2018 03:03:54 +0000 http://ejpells.wpengine.com/?p=1994 When I first started researching my family history, I soon realized that until recently, women and children were at the mercy of the survival and success of the men in their lives. This realization has made me appreciate my ability to earn a living. I find it difficult not to empathize with the struggles of […]

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When I first started researching my family history, I soon realized that until recently, women and children were at the mercy of the survival and success of the men in their lives. This realization has made me appreciate my ability to earn a living. I find it difficult not to empathize with the struggles of the people I study. Sometimes, I continue as a personal project, hoping to find a happy ending. Most subjects are women, and I call them “my ladies.”

Julia Beam was not one of my ancestors and had no connection to my family.  I “met” her while researching the sleepy town of Glen Gardner, New Jersey, in connection with Hunterdon County’s 300th anniversary.  She was hard to miss; her story jumped off the old newspapers, creating a stir.  I had to finish my work on what was then the Glen Gardner Inn (originally Eveland’s Tavern), so she did get put aside for a bit.  Part of her tale had events at the Inn, so she kept popping in and out of that project.  Several years have passed, and I have finally found the “rest of her story.”

The first news article I came across had attention-grabbing quotes and painted a picture of a woman who deserved to be punished:

[i]

The article mentioned that Julia fell in with Melville Walters, a shiftless fellow. When he brought her to Glen Gardner, he claimed Julia was his wife.  The article disputed the marriage since Walters was already married and was not yet divorced.

After the attack, Julia fainted and woke right after dawn.  She had no clothing and was tar-covered.  Julia attempted to seek help from her husband at his parent’s house, but he turned her away.  She then headed to her parents’ home 6 miles away in Califon.  Along the way, a farmer’s wife gave her a dress to cover herself.

What struck me was the tarring and feathering; wasn’t that something that had died out well before 1891?  It also appeared as if the town residents seemed proud that they had done this to a nineteen-year-old woman.  John Banghart, who led the attacking party, had announced his intentions to a group of people, including two of the town’s “leaders,” Dr. Hunt and Miller Crawley, who offered to supply the tar.

As a genealogist, I try not to judge the past by modern standards, but this shocked me.  Were times so different that an entire town thought it was ok to hurt a young woman in this manner? The following article I stumbled upon, “Those Heroic White Caps,” answered my question.  The “White Caps,” or “Regulators,” had the community’s “moral support”:

They claimed to have the moral support of the entire neighborhood, and the local Justice of the Peace took no action in the premises.
Sheriff Lake appeared on November 13 with eleven warrants for the arrest of the “regulators.”[ii]

A bunch of men dressed as women, or with their faces covered, decided to injure and run a young woman out of town because they felt she led their sons astray.  “Not my child” is not a new parental phenomenon.

I also wanted to know what a white cap was in 1891. Were they the Ku Klux Klan? In a tiny town in New Jersey? The white cap definition was difficult to find, but white capping is referred to in a few law books, but those laws focused on violence against minority groups. Julia Beam was not a minority; the definition found in Wikipedia most accurately fits this case:

Whitecapping was a violent lawless movement among farmers that occurred specifically in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It was originally a ritualized form of enforcing community standards, appropriate behavior and traditional rights.[iii]

My conclusion is that it was a term the newspapers used for vigilantism; it may be intertwined with white supremacist groups, but race was not a factor in this event.  Julia became one of my ladies when I read the first headline.  She physically survived her ordeal, but I wondered if she went on to live an everyday life.  The following post will examine Julia’s life before and after the attack.

Continue to part two, the early life of Julia Beam

Sources:
[i] “Tarred and Feathered because she was bad,” The New York Herald [New York], 8 November 1891, page 18, column 1, digital image; Genealogybank.com (http:// www.genealogybank.com : accessed 21 October 2017).
[ii] “Those Heroic White Caps,” The New York Herald [New York], 20 November 1891, page 11, column 4, digital image; Genealogybank.com (http:// www.genealogybank.com : accessed 21 October 2017).
[iii] “Whitecapping,” Wikipedia (http:// https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitecapping : accessed 21 January 2018).

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